The Museum of Modern Art New York New York Henry Darger

American writer and painter

Henry Darger
Darger every bit photographed by David Berglund in 1971[1]
Born	Henry Joseph Darger Jr. (1892-04-12)April 12, 1892 Chicago, Illinois, U.South.
Died	Apr xiii, 1973(1973-04-13) (aged 81) Chicago, Illinois, U.S.
Resting place	All Saints Cemetery
Nationality	American
Known for	Painting, collage, novel, pencil and pen drawing, sketching
Notable work	In the Realms of the Unreal The History of My Life Crazy Firm: Further Adventures in Chicago
Motility	Outsider art

Henry Joseph Darger Jr. (; April 12, 1892 – April 13, 1973) was an American writer, novelist and artist who worked as a hospital custodian in Chicago, Illinois.^[1] He has become famous for his posthumously discovered 15,145-page fantasy novel manuscript called The Story of the Vivian Girls, in What Is Known equally the Realms of the Unreal, of the Glandeco-Angelinian War Storm, Caused by the Child Slave Rebellion, along with several hundred drawings and watercolor illustrations for the story.^[2]

The visual subject area affair of his work ranges from idyllic scenes in Edwardian interiors and tranquil flowered landscapes populated past children and fantastic creatures, to scenes of horrific terror and carnage depicting young children beingness tortured and massacred.^{[3] : 106} Much of his artwork is mixed media with collage elements. Darger'southward artwork has become one of the nearly celebrated examples of outsider art.

Life [edit]

Darger was born on April 12, 1892, in Chicago, Illinois, to Henry Darger Sr. and Rosa Fullman.^{[4] : 32–33} Cook County records show he was born at home, located at 350 Due west. 24th Street. When he was 4 years erstwhile, his mother died of puerperal fever later giving nascency to a daughter, who was given up for adoption; Darger never knew his sister.^{[4] : 36–37} Ane of his biographers, the art historian and psychologist John One thousand. MacGregor, discovered that Rosa had two children before Henry, simply did not discover their whereabouts.^[5]

By Darger'due south own account, his father was kind and reassuring to him. Darger Sr. was a tailor with disabilities, and his poor health made caring for his son difficult. They lived together until 1900, when his father was taken to St. Augustine'due south Domicile for the Aged. Considering of his apparent intellect, the young Darger had been enrolled in public school at the tertiary course level; later on his father'due south hospitalization, Darger was moved to the Mission of Our Lady of Mercy, a Roman Catholic orphanage. After bad behavior, he was relocated to the Illinois Aviary for Feeble-Minded Children in Lincoln, Illinois, also chosen the Lincoln Land Schoolhouse (today the Lincoln Developmental Center), with the diagnosis, co-ordinate to Stephen Prokopoff, that "little Henry's heart is not in the right identify". According to John MacGregor, the diagnosis was really "self-abuse", a euphemism for masturbation.^[half-dozen]

Darger himself felt that much of his problem was beingness able to run across through adult lies and becoming a "smart-aleck" as a result, which oft led to his being punished by teachers and ganged up on by classmates. He also felt compelled to make unusual noises. The Lincoln asylum's practices included forced child labor and severe punishments, which Darger would later seemingly incorporate into his writing. Darger later said that, to be fair, there were also "good times" at the asylum, he enjoyed some of the work, and he had friends likewise as enemies.

In 1908, Darger received discussion that his father had died in St. Augustine's Home for the Anile; Darger never had a take chances to visit him since his deviation eight years prior. He attempted to escape in 1908 by freight train, but was thwarted by constabulary after reaching Chicago and forced back into the asylum. He escaped once more in 1909 and succeeded, now free in Chicago.

With the assist of his godmother, Darger found menial employment in a Cosmic hospital and in this fashion continued to back up himself until his retirement in 1963.^{[ commendation needed ]}

Except for a brief stint in the U.Due south. Army during World War I, his life took on a pattern that seems to take varied little. A devout Catholic, he attended Mass daily,^{[vii] [8]} frequently returning for as many as five services. He nerveless found objects from the streets - including shoes, eyeglasses, and balls of string - to exhibit aslope artwork in his home-studio.^[ix] His dress was shabby,^{[ according to whom? ]} although he attempted to continue his apparel clean and mended, and he was largely solitary.

His close friend of 48 years, William Schloeder, was of like listen on the subject of protecting abused and neglected children, and the pair proposed founding a "Children's Protective Order" that would put such children up for adoption to loving families. Schloeder left Chicago old in the mid-1930s, only he and Darger stayed in touch through letters until Schloeder's death in 1959. Darger'southward biographer Jim Elledge speculates that Darger and Schloeder may take had a romantic relationship while Schloeder lived in Chicago, and Darger sometimes referred to Schloeder as his "special friend."^{[iv] : 137–149}

In 1930, Darger settled into a 2nd-floor room on Chicago's North Side at 851 W. Webster Avenue in the Lincoln Park section of the city, near the DePaul University campus. It was in this room for the next 43 years that Darger would imagine and write his massive tomes (in improver to a x-year daily weather journal and contrasted diaries) and collect and display artwork^[ix] until his death at St. Augustine's Home for the Anile (the same institution at which his father had died) on April 13, 1973, one day after his 81st birthday.

Darger's grave at All Saints Cemetery

In the terminal entry in his diary, Darger wrote: "January one, 1971. I had a very poor nothing like Christmas. Never had a good Christmas all my life, nor a good new year, and now... I am very bitter but fortunately not revengeful, though I feel should be how I am..."^[5]

Darger is buried at All Saints Cemetery in Des Plaines, Illinois, in a plot chosen "The Old People of the Picayune Sisters of the Poor Plot". His headstone is inscribed "Artist" and "Protector of Children".^[10]

Works [edit]

In the Realms of the Unreal [edit]

In the Realms of the Unreal is a 15,145-page work bound in 15 immense, densely typed volumes (with three of them consisting of several hundred illustrations, scroll-like watercolor paintings on paper derived from magazines and coloring books) created over vi decades. Darger illustrated his stories using a technique of traced images cut from magazines and catalogues, bundled in big panoramic landscapes and painted in watercolors, some as large as xxx feet wide and painted on both sides. He wrote himself into the narrative equally the children'south protector.^{[3] : 64}

The largest part of the volume, The Story of the Vivian Girls, in What is Known every bit the Realms of the Unreal, of the Glandeco-Angelinian War Storm Caused by the Child Slave Rebellion, follows the adventures of the daughters of Robert Vivian, seven princesses of the Christian nation of Abbieannia who aid a daring rebellion against the kid slavery imposed by John Manley and the Glandelinians. Children take upwards arms in their own defense and are often slain in battle or viciously tortured by the Glandelinian overlords. The elaborate mythology includes the setting of a big planet, effectually which World orbits as a moon (where most people are Christian and more often than not Cosmic), and a species called the "Blengigomeneans" (or Blengins for short), gigantic winged beings with curved horns who occasionally take human or office-man form, fifty-fifty disguising themselves every bit children. They are commonly benevolent, but some Blengins are extremely suspicious of all humans, due to Glandelinian atrocities.

In one case released from the Lincoln aviary, Darger repeatedly attempted to adopt a child, but his efforts failed. Images of children often served as his inspiration, especially a portrait from the Chicago Daily News from May nine, 1911: a 5-twelvemonth-former murder victim, named Elsie Paroubek. The daughter had left habitation on April eight of that yr telling her mother she was going to visit her aunt effectually the corner from her abode. She was final seen listening to an organ grinder with her cousins.^[11] Her trunk was plant a month afterward in a sanitary district channel near the screen guards of the powerhouse at Lockport. An autopsy constitute she had probably been suffocated—not strangled, as is often stated in articles about Darger. Paroubek's disappearance and murder, her funeral, and the subsequent investigation, were the subjects of a huge amount of coverage in the Daily News and other papers at the time.^{[12] [v] : 494–495}

This newspaper photo was function of a growing personal archive of clippings Darger had been gathering. In that location is no indication that the murder or the news photo and article had any particular significance for Darger, until ane mean solar day he could not find it. Writing in his journal at the time, he began to process this forfeiture of yet some other kid, lamenting that "the huge disaster and calamity" of his loss "will never be atoned for", simply "shall be avenged to the uttermost limit".^[xiii] Co-ordinate to his autobiography, Darger believed the photo was among several items that were stolen when his locker at work was broken into. He never found his re-create of the photograph again. Because he could not call back the exact engagement of its publication, he could not locate information technology in the newspaper archive. He carried out an elaborate series of novenas and other prayers for the picture to exist returned. The fictive war that was sparked by Darger's loss of the newspaper photograph of Paroubek, whose killer was never found,^[xiv] became Darger's magnum opus. He had been working on some version of the novel earlier this time (he makes reference to an early draft which was besides lost or stolen), but now it became an all-consuming creation.

In The Realms of the Unreal, Paroubek is imagined as Annie Aronburg, the leader of the outset child slave rebellion. "The assassination of the child labor rebel Annie Aronburg... was the most shocking child murder ever caused past the Glandelinian Authorities" and was the cause of the state of war. Through their sufferings, valiant deeds and exemplary holiness, the Vivian Girls are hoped to exist able to help bring about a triumph of Christianity. Darger provided ii endings to the story, one in which the Vivian Girls and Christianity are triumphant and some other in which they are defeated and the godless Glandelinians reign.

Darger'southward human figures were rendered largely by tracing, collage, or photograph enlargement from popular magazines and children'due south books (much of the "trash" he collected was one-time magazines and newspapers, which he clipped for source material). Some of his favorite figures were the Coppertone Girl and Little Annie Rooney. He is praised for his natural souvenir for composition and the brilliant employ of color in his watercolors. The images of daring escapes, mighty battles, and painful torture are reminiscent non only of contemporaneous epic films such as The Birth of a Nation (which Darger might easily have seen)^{[15] [16]} merely of events in Catholic history; the text makes it clear that the kid victims are heroic martyrs like the early saints. Art critic Michael Moon explains Darger's images of tortured children in terms of pop Catholic culture and iconography. These included martyr pageants and Cosmic comic books with detailed, frequently gory tales of innocent female victims.^{[17] [18]}

1 idiosyncratic feature of Darger's artwork is that his girl subjects are shown to accept penises when unclothed or partially clothed. Darger biographer Jim Elledge speculates that this represents a reflection of Darger's own childhood issues with sexual identity and homosexuality.^{[4] : 166–175} Darger's second novel, Crazy House, deals with these subjects more explicitly.^{[iv] : 234–237} However this may simply reflect Darger's lack of cognition of anatomy equally girls are e'er depicted either with no genitalia at all, or with penises.

In a paraphrase of the Declaration of Independence, Darger wrote of children's right "to play, to exist happy, and to dream, the correct to normal sleep of the night's flavor, the right to an pedagogy, that nosotros may have an equality of opportunity for developing all that are in us of mind and heart."^[v]

Crazy House: Further Adventures in Chicago [edit]

A 2d piece of work of fiction, provisionally titled Crazy House: Farther Adventures in Chicago, contains over 10,000 handwritten pages. Written afterwards The Realms, it takes that epic'southward major characters—the vii Vivian sisters and their companion/hugger-mugger brother, Penrod—and places them in Chicago, with the activeness unfolding during the same years as that of the earlier book. Begun in 1939, it is a tale of a house that is possessed past demons and haunted by ghosts, or has an evil consciousness of its own. Children disappear into the house and are later found brutally murdered. The Vivians and Penrod are sent to investigate and notice that the murders are the work of evil ghosts. The girls go about exorcising the place, just have to resort to arranging for a total-scale Holy Mass to be held in each room before the firm is clean. They do this repeatedly, but information technology never works. The narrative ends mid-scene, with Darger having just been rescued from the Crazy House.

The History of My Life [edit]

In 1968, Darger became interested in tracing some of his frustrations back to his childhood and began writing The History of My Life. Spanning 8 volumes, the book only spends 206 pages detailing Darger's early life before veering off into iv,672 pages of fiction about a huge twister called "Sweetie Pie", probably based on memories of a tornado he had witnessed in 1908.

Posthumous fame and influence [edit]

The American Folk Art Museum in New York City, which named a study center after Darger

Darger's landlords, Nathan and Kiyoko Lerner, discovered his piece of work shortly earlier his death. Nathan Lerner, an accomplished photographer whose long career, the New York Times wrote, "was inextricably leap up in the history of visual culture in Chicago,"^[xix] immediately recognized the creative merit of Darger's piece of work. Past this time Darger was in St. Augustine's, operated by the Footling Sisters of the Poor, where his begetter had died.

The Lerners took charge of the Darger estate, publicizing his work and contributing to projects such as the 2004 documentary In the Realms of the Unreal. In cooperation with Kiyoko Lerner, Intuit: The Center for Intuitive and Outsider Art dedicated the Henry Darger Room Collection^[20] in 2008 as part of its permanent collection. Darger has go internationally recognized thank you to the efforts of the people who salvaged his work. After Nathan Lerner's death in 1997, Kiyoko became the sole figure in accuse of both her married man'southward and Darger's estates. The U.South. copyright representative for the Estate of Henry Darger and the Manor of Nathan Lerner is the Artists Rights Gild.^[21]

Darger is today i of the most famous figures in the history of outsider art. At the Outsider Fine art Fair, held every January in New York City, and at auction, his work is among the highest-priced of whatsoever cocky-taught artist. The American Folk Fine art Museum in New York opened a Henry Darger Written report Eye in 2001.^[22] His work now commands up of $750,000.^{[20] [23]}

Darger left no will and no firsthand surviving relatives when he died in 1973. Eventually, distant relatives of Darger began making legal claims to his artwork, alleging that the Lerners did not have title or any other right to benefit from the sale of Darger's piece of work.^[24] The dispute is currently in state court in Cook County, Illinois. A hearing is scheduled for May 24, 2022.^[25]

In popular culture [edit]

Since his death in 1973 and the discovery of his magnum opus, and especially since the 1990s, there accept been many references in popular civilization to Darger'south piece of work by other visual artists including, simply non limited to, artists of comics and graphic novels; numerous popular songs; a 1999 book-length poem, Girls on the Run, by John Ashbery; a multi-actor online game, Sissyfight 2000, and a 2004 multimedia piece past choreographer Pat Graney incorporating Darger images. Jesse Kellerman's 2008 novel, The Genius, took part of its inspiration from Darger's story.^[26] Mike Walker and Judith Kampfner'south radio play Darger and the Detective, performed by the Steppenwolf Theatre Company for BBC Radio, focuses on Darger's obsessions and a police detective investigating the disappearance of Elsie Paroubek.^{[27] [28] [29]} Charlie Kaufman's 2020 novel Antkind includes several references to Darger.

These artists have variously drawn from and responded to Darger'due south creative style, his themes (especially the Vivian Girls, the young heroines of Darger's massive illustrated novel), and the events in his life.

Jessica Yu's 2004 documentary In the Realms of the Unreal details Darger's life and artworks. Another documentary, Revolutions of the Night by Mark Stokes, looks at Darger's early on life and examines lesser-known works by the creative person.^{[30] [31]}

Comic volume artist Scott McCloud refers to Darger's work in his book Making Comics, while describing the danger artists come across in the creation of a graphic symbol's back-story. McCloud says that complicated narratives can hands spin out of command when too much unseen data is built up around the characters.^[32]

Darger and his work have been an inspiration for several music artists. The Vivian Girls are an all-girl indie/punk trio from Brooklyn;^[33] "Henry Darger" is a song past Natalie Merchant on her album Motherland, "Vivian Girls" is song by the band Wussy on their anthology Left for Expressionless. "The Vivian Girls Are Visited in the Night by Saint Dargarius and His Squadron of Chivalrous Butterflies" is a song by Sufjan Stevens on his album The Barrage: Outtakes and Extras from the Illinois Album, "The Story of the Vivian Girls" is a vocal past Comet Gain on their 2005 album Metropolis Fallen Leaves, and "Segue: In the Realms of the Unreal" is song by the band ...And You Will Know U.s.a. past the Trail of Expressionless on their album So Divided, "The Vivian Girls" is a 1979 vocal past Snakefinger (Philip Lithman Roth) also recorded by the Monks of Doom on their album The Cosmodemonic Telegraph Company, "Vivian Girls" is a song by the band Fucked Up on their album Hidden Globe, and "Lost Girls" (about Darger's piece of work) is a song by Tilly and the Wall on their anthology Bottoms of Barrels. On their 1994 album Triple Mania Ii, San Diego'due south industrial dissonance performance outfit Crash Worship reworked several Darger images and screen printed them on a copper foil foldout discfolio; as well as the insert and disc. In 2011, Majical Cloudz released "Babyhood'south End", a haunting song influenced by Darger'due south afterwards life. New York jazz pianist Sam Harris'due south 2014 anthology Interludes includes a song entitled "The Hermit Darger". The vocal "Apr 8th" by indie rock band Neutral Milk Hotel, from their debut studio anthology On Avery Island, has too been suggested to be heavily inspired past Darger's life, peculiarly on his later years of extreme social reclusion; April 8 was the appointment on which Elsie Paroubek went missing, and the song appears to imagine a fictional meeting between Paroubek and Darger.

French pop rock and new wave ring Indochine paid tribute to Henry Darger in writing the song "Henry Darger" available on their studio album 13 released in September 2017.

Darger is referenced past the character Sergeant Hatred in the cartoon The Venture Bros. in season iv, episode six "Self-Medication".

Darger appears every bit a major supporting character in Elizabeth Hand'due south novel Curious Toys, set effectually Chicago'due south Riverview Park in 1915.^[34]

Collections and exhibits [edit]

Darger'due south works are included in the permanent collections of the Museum of Modern Fine art and the American Folk Art Museum in New York, Intuit: The Eye for Intuitive and Outsider Fine art, the Art Plant of Chicago, the Chicago Museum of Contemporary Fine art, the New Orleans Museum of Art, the Milwaukee Fine art Museum, the Collection de l'art brut, the Walker Art Center, the Irish Museum of Modern Art, the Smithsonian American Art Museum, High Museum of Art, and the Lille Métropole Museum of Modern, Contemporary and Outsider Art in Villeneuve d'Ascq, and the Museum of Quondam and New Art, in Tasmania; Australia.

Darger'south art also has been featured in many notable museum exhibitions, including "The Unreality of Being" showroom curated by Stephen Prokopoff. It was as well seen in "Disasters of War" (P.S. 1, New York, 2000), where it was presented alongside prints from the famous Francisco Goya series The Disasters of War and works derived from these by the British gimmicky-art duo Jake and Dinos Chapman. Darger's piece of work has also been shown at the Los Angeles County Museum of Art, the Philadelphia Museum of Art, the Setagaya Art Museum, and the Drove de l'art brut, La Maison Rouge, Museum Kunstpalast, Musée d'Art Moderne de Lille-Métropole, and the Yerba Buena Eye for the Arts.

In 2008, the exhibition at the American Folk Art Museum, titled "Dargerism: Contemporary Artists and Henry Darger", examined the influence of Darger'due south œuvre on 11 artists, including Trenton Doyle Hancock, Robyn O'Neil and Amy Cutler, who were responding not only to the artful nature of Darger's mythic work – with its tales of good versus evil, its epic scope and complexity, and its transgressive undertone – simply also to his driven work ethic and all-consuming devotion to artmaking.^[22]

Also in 2008, Intuit: The Heart for Intuitive and Outsider Fine art in Chicago opened its permanent exhibit of the Henry Darger Room Collection,^[20] an installation that meticulously recreates the small northside Chicago flat where Darger lived and fabricated his fine art.

Run into besides [edit]

• James Hampton, another janitor outsider creative person who became famous posthumously
• Charles Dellschau

References [edit]

1. ^ ^{a b} "In the Realms of the Unreal". PBS. August 2, 2005. Retrieved November 24, 2018.
2. ^ Polanski, M. Jurek (October xi, 2000). "Henry Darger: Realms of the Unreal". ArtScope.cyberspace. Archived from the original on July 29, 2018. Retrieved Nov 24, 2018.
3. ^ ^{a b} Maizels, John (2009). Outsider Art Sourcebook: Art Brut, Folk Fine art, Outsider Art. UK: Raw Vision. ISBN9780954339326 . Retrieved November 24, 2018.
4. ^ ^{a b c d e} Elledge, Jim (2013). Henry Darger, Throwaway Boy: The Tragic Life of an Outsider Creative person . Overlook Duckworth. ISBN978-1590208557.
5. ^ ^{a b c d} MacGregor, John M. (2002). Henry Darger: In the Realms of the Unreal. New York: Delano Greenidge Editions. ISBN0-929445-xv-five.
6. ^ Donnelly, Mabel Collins (1986). "5". The American Victorian Woman: The Myth and the Reality. Greenwood Publishing Grouping. ISBN9780313253270.
7. ^ Breidenbach, Tom. "Henry Darger: Andrew Edlin Gallery". Artforum International 45.vii (2007): 317. Gale Biography In Context. Web. October 24, 2011.
8. ^ Mitt, Elizabeth. "Henry Darger/Darger/J.R.R. Tolkien (Book)". Fantasy & Science Fiction 103.4/5 (2002): 66. Academic Search Premier. EBSCO. Spider web. October 24, 2011.
9. ^ ^{a b} "Henry Darger Room Collection". Intuit . Retrieved March 21, 2021.
10. ^ "Henry Darger". Find a Grave . Retrieved November 24, 2018.
11. ^ "Girl Missing; Gypsies Sought". The Forenoon Leader. Regina, Saskatchewan. Apr xv, 1911. p. 15. Retrieved November 24, 2018.
12. ^ "Start Big Search for Daughter's Slayer". May x, 1911. p. 3. The search for Elsie Paroubek is one of the things that will be long remembered in Chicago. In behalf of the parents of this modest child, the mayor of Chicago, women's clubs, civic societies, and members of the bench have each had an individual part.
13. ^ Bonesteel, Michael, 2000:ten
14. ^ "Kidnappers Kill Child.; Advantage Offered for Abductors of Elsie Paroubek, Found in Canal". The New York Times. May 12, 1911. Retrieved November 24, 2018. (subscription required)
15. ^ "Henry Joseph Darger (12 Apr 1892-13 April 1973)". Archived from the original on March four, 2016. Retrieved November 24, 2018. Darger's known and possible artistic inspirations are discussed at some length.
16. ^ Laster, Paul (Apr 8, 2010). "Henry Darger'southward Individual World". The Daily Animate being . Retrieved November 24, 2018. Darger's own art drove – including pictures he cut out of magazines and worked into collages – on display at the American Folk Art Museum in New York.
17. ^ Moon, Michael (2012). Darger's Resources. Duke University Press. He gives a detailed description of mass-produced Catholic folk art known as l'fine art Saint-Sulpice which Darger would accept been familiar with from babyhood.
18. ^ McDannell, Colleen (1995). Material Christianity: Religion and Popular Culture in America. Yale.
19. ^ Smith, Roberta (Feb fifteen, 1997). "Nathan Lerner, 83, Innovator in Techniques of Photography". The New York Times . Retrieved November 24, 2018.
20. ^ ^{a b c} "Henry Darger Room Drove". Art.org. Archived from the original on October 27, 2017. Retrieved November 24, 2018.
21. ^ "Frequently Requested Member Artists". Artists Rights Order. Retrieved November 24, 2018.
22. ^ ^{a b} "Dargerism: Contemporary Artists and Henry Darger". American Folk Art Museum. Retrieved November 24, 2018.
23. ^ D'Alessio, F.N. (July 29, 2008). "Posthumous fame grows for artist Henry Darger". The San Francisco Chronicle. Associated Press. Retrieved November 24, 2018.
24. ^ "A Henry Darger Dispute: Who Inherits the Rights to a Loner's Genius? Since this reclusive artist died in 1973, his landlords have controlled work left behind in his apartment. Now relatives are challenging that stewardship in court," past Robin Pogrebin, The New York Times, Feb. 8, 2022
25. ^ "A Judge Tells Relatives of Henry Darger That At that place Are 'Lots of Holes' in Their Claim to the Late Artist'southward Estate; Distant relatives of the artist have stepped forward with a claim for control of the estate," by Eileen Kinsella, Art Net News, Feb. 24, 2022
26. ^ Kellerman, Jesse (2008). The Genius (Jove premium ed.). G. P. Putnam'due south Sons.
27. ^ "Darger and the Detective". BBC3. Retrieved Nov 24, 2018.
28. ^ McAndrew, Tara (July xvi, 2009). "An Illinois artist's amazing life after death". Illinois Times . Retrieved Nov 24, 2018.
29. ^ "Darger and the Detective". Intuit Gallery. April 12, 2014. Archived from the original on December 12, 2021. Retrieved November 24, 2018.
30. ^ "Revolutions of the Dark: The Enigma of Henry Darger (NR)". Houston Press . Retrieved November 24, 2018.
31. ^ D'Arcy, David (March 31, 2012). "Exhuming Reputations at FIFA 2012". Archived from the original on April two, 2016. Retrieved November 24, 2018.
32. ^ McCloud, Scott (2006). Making Comics. New York: Harper Collins. p. 122.
33. ^ Reges, Margaret (2008). All Music Guide. Deriving their proper name from the ill-fated characters featured in the work of writer/illustrator Henry Darger, the Vivian Girls (not to be confused with the "arts and crafts pop" duo of the aforementioned name) are a Brooklyn-based trio whose gritty lo-fi tunes nod to seminal indie popular acts like Blackness Tambourine, Talulah Gosh, and Tiger Trap.
34. ^ Martine, Arkady (October 20, 2019). "'Curious Toys' Gets Itself Into Unnecessary Trouble". NPR . Retrieved October 25, 2019.

Sources [edit]

• Anderson, Brooke Davis. Darger: The Henry Darger Collection at the American Folk Art Museum. New York: American Folk Art Museum in association with Harry N. Abrams, Inc., 2001.
• Ashbery, John. ''Girls on the Run: A Poem. New York: Farrar Straus and Giroux, 1999.
• Bonesteel, Michael (ed.). Henry Darger: Fine art and Selected Writings. New York: Rizzoli, 2000.
• Bourrit, Bernard. Henry Darger: Espace mouvant. In "La Office de l'Oeil" n° 20, Bruxelles, 2005: 252–259.
• Collins, Paul, Not Even Wrong: Adventures in Autism. New York: Bloomsbury, 2004. ISBN i-58234-367-5.
• Elledge, Jim (2013). Henry Darger, Throwaway Boy: The Tragic Life of an Outsider Artist . ISBN978-1590208557.
• Jones, Finn-Olaf, "Landlord's Fantasy", Forbes, April 25, 2005.
• Kitajima, Keizo (photographs), and Koide, Yukiko and Tsuzukimota, Kyoichi (text), Henry Darger's Room: 851 Webster. Tokyo, Japan: Royal Press, 2007.
• MacGregor, John M. Henry Darger: In the Realms of the Unreal. New York: Delano Greenidge Editions, 2002. ISBN 0-929445-fifteen-5.
• Morrison, C. 50. The Quondam Man in the Polka-Dotted Dress: Looking for Henry Darger. New York: Farrar Straus and Giroux, 2005.
• Schjeldahl, Peter. Folks, The New Yorker, January 14, 2002: 88–89.
• Peter Schjeldahl'due south illustrated review of an showroom of Darger's art at the American Folk Art Museum in New York City.
• Shaw, Lytle, The Moral Tempest: Henry Darger'due south "Volume of Weather Reports", Cabinet. An test of Darger's 10-year weather diaries and their relation to his work and to Christian painting.
• William Swislow's review of "Henry Darger: Desperate and Terrible Questions", The Outsider.
• Perry, Grayson, and Jones, Wendy, Grayson Perry: Portrait of the Creative person as a Young Daughter. Vintage, 2007. ISBN 978-0-09-948516-2.
• Trent, Mary. "'Many Stirring Scenes': Henry Darger'southward Reworking of American Visual Culture." American Fine art 26 (Jump 2012), 74–101.

External links [edit]

• American Folk Art Museum'due south Henry Darger Collection
• Intuit: The Eye for Intuitive and Outsider Art. Website of Chicago art centre that features Henry Darger Room Collection on permanent display.
• Sara Ayers' Henry Darger Page.
• Carl Hammer Gallery page, includes a lot of illustrations
• Elizabeth Hand, "Within Out" in The Magazine of Fantasy and Science Fiction, October/Nov 2002. Compares Darger with J. R. R. Tolkien, pointing out many similarities in their lives.
• Interesting Ideas, Henry Darger: Desperate and Terrible Questions Detailed review of two key Darger books, including an analysis of MacGregor'southward speculations about Darger's psychology. Photo of Darger's workspace.
• Nathaniel Rich, Henry Darger Was a Talented but Troubled Man at the Wayback Machine (archived 30 December 2013), for The New Republic
• Stephen Romano Gallery. This site contains many images of Darger'south work and links to other Darger-related sites and has Darger work bachelor for sale.
• Revolutions of the Nighttime: The Enigma of Henry Darger—Documentary by Mark Stokes.
• Leo Segedin: "Henry Darger: The Inside of an Outsider", arguing against Darger's nomenclature as an "outsider artist" by setting the term "outsider art" in its proper historical context.

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Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Darger